Roth IRA Rules 2022 and 2023: Contributions, Withdrawals

What are the Roth IRA rules?

Here are the major Roth IRA rules at a glance.

Who is eligible to contribute to a Roth IRA

People with modified adjusted gross incomes below $144,000 (single) or $214,000 (married filing jointly) in 2022 can contribute to a Roth IRA, though income phase-outs may reduce your maximum contribution. In 2023 the numbers increase to $153,000 (single) or $228,000 (married filing jointly).

» Learn more about Roth IRAs and how to get one

When can you no longer contribute to a Roth IRA?

The deadline to contribute to a Roth IRA for 2022 is April 2023 (the tax-filing deadline).

Amount of Roth IRA contributions you can make

The maximum annual contribution for 2022 is $6,000, or $7,000 if you're age 50 or older, and you can make those contributions through April of 2023. For 2023, the max contribution is $6,500 and $7,500, respectively.

» Understand how the Roth IRA contribution limit works

Roth IRA rules for withdrawals

Withdrawing investment earnings before age 59½ can trigger taxes and penalties — unless it’s part of a qualified withdrawal.

Contributions can be withdrawn tax-free at any time for any reason.

Jump ahead to see these Roth IRA rules in detail:

• When can you withdraw from a Roth IRA?

• How much can you contribute to a Roth IRA?

• What are the tax rules for a Roth IRA?

When can you withdraw from your Roth IRA?

For Roth IRA withdrawals, there are two main Roth IRA rules to remember:

1. You can withdraw the money you contributed to a Roth at any time and for any reason without paying taxes or penalties. That's because you already paid taxes on the money you used to fund the account.

2. Different rules apply to taking out investment earnings. This is where things start to get more complicated, because if you're not careful, you may owe penalties and taxes.

Read on for the Roth IRA rules about withdrawing earnings:

The five-year rule for Roth IRAs

You can avoid taxes and the 10% early withdrawal penalty on earnings if two things are true:

1. The account has been open for five years or more — the clock starts on Jan. 1 of the year you make your first contribution, and

2. You meet at least one of the following conditions:

• You're age 59½ or older

• You’ve become disabled, or you've died and money is being withdrawn by your estate or account beneficiary

• The withdrawal (up to $10,000 lifetime maximum) is for a first-time home purchase

If you've owned your account for less than five years ...

If you haven't had the account for five years, there are a few situations in the Roth IRA rules where you can avoid the 10% early withdrawal penalty on earnings, but you’ll still be on the hook for income taxes:

• You’re age 59½ or older

• You're withdrawing up to $5,000 in the year after the birth or adoption of your child

• The withdrawal is due to disability

• The withdrawal is made by a beneficiary or your estate after your death

• The money is for a first-time home purchase (up to $10,000 lifetime maximum), certain medical expenses or qualified education expenses

• The withdrawal is due to an IRS levy

• You made the withdrawal when you were a reservist, as defined by the IRS

• You take substantially equal periodic payments (aka SEPP, a somewhat complex program described in this IRS FAQ), which requires committing to taking distributions for a certain period of time to avoid paying penalties.

And when you retire ...

• You’re not required to start withdrawing money from your Roth when you retire. (Traditional IRAs, on the other hand, are subject to required minimum distributions (RMDs) when the owner reaches age 73.)

• The lack of required withdrawals means those who don’t need to dip into their Roth IRA funds can leave the money in the account and pass all of the money on to their heirs. (Roths that are inherited on or after Jan. 1, 2020, generally require beneficiaries to withdraw the entire account within 10 years of the account owner's death, unless the beneficiary is a spouse or otherwise eligible for an exemption.)

» See other types of IRAs and how they work

How much money can you put in a Roth IRA?

The Roth IRA contribution limit is $6,000 per year for 2022 and $6,500 in 2023. You can add $1,000 to those amounts if you're 50 or older. But there are income limits that restrict who can contribute. Those income limits are based on your modified adjusted gross income, or MAGI. If your income falls into the Roth IRA phase-out range, your maximum contribution decreases.

Roth IRA income limits in 2022 and 2023

Other Roth IRA rules related to eligibility and contributions:

• You can contribute to a Roth and a traditional IRA in the same year. Just make sure the combined contribution amount does not exceed the annual maximum, which is $6,000 ($7,000 if 50 or older) for 2022 and $6,500 ($7,500 if 50 or older) for 2023.

• You can contribute to a Roth IRA and a 401(k) in the same year. The IRS is A-OK with you saving money in both an employer-sponsored retirement plan — a 401(k) or 403(b) — and an IRA in the same year, up to the maximum for each type of plan.

• Roth IRAs don't have age limits. You're allowed to make contributions to your Roth IRA past your retirement age. And you can open a Roth IRA for your child, as long as he or she has earned income.

• There's a workaround if you're not eligible for a Roth. It involves rolling money into a Roth, a process that deserves an entirely separate article — like this one on how to set up a backdoor Roth IRA.

Note: There is no minimum required amount for opening a Roth IRA, and no rules about how much money you must put in a Roth IRA. But some brokerages may have their own required minimums.

» Check out the full list of our top picks for best Roth IRA providers

What are the tax rules for a Roth IRA?

There are two key things to know about the tax treatment of Roth IRA dollars:

• Contributions to a Roth IRA are not tax-deductible. This differs from a traditional IRA, where contributions may be deductible from your taxes in the year you make them.

• Investments in a Roth IRA grow tax-free. That means you owe nothing in taxes on earnings when the money’s in the account — or even when you withdraw it in retirement.

» Read more on how Roth IRA taxes work

To be clear, investors also pay no taxes on earnings growth in a traditional IRA — so long as those funds stayroth ira