How Do CDs Work? Learn How to Save Smarter

How do CDs work?

A certificate of deposit is a type of savings account with a fixed interest rate and term. CDs, called share certificates at credit unions, tend to have the highest rates among federally insured bank accounts. Here’s a breakdown of various factors that make up CDs.

CD rates

Unlike regular savings accounts, CDs earn the same rate over time. This can be a plus if you lock in a high rate, then see rates across banks fall. And it can be a negative when you’re looking at low rates that may rise soon.

CD terms

You must choose a specific time frame to open a CD. Terms generally range from three months to five years, and terms can impact both rates and early withdrawal penalties, which are fees charged if you cash out a CD before the term ends. Generally, the longer the term, the higher the rate; and penalties tend to be bigger for longer terms. Consider how much time you can keep some cash locked up and learn more about short-term, midrange and long-term CDs.

CD safety

Like other bank accounts, CDs have federal deposit insurance up to $250,000 at banks insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. and at credit unions insured by the National Credit Union Administration. This means you get your money back, guaranteed, if a financial institution goes bankrupt.

A CD’s main risk is opportunity risk, meaning you may lose out on higher rates if you open a CD right before rates rise. But unlike investing in stocks or bonds, you typically don’t risk losing money from a CD based on factors outside your control, such as financial market performance. Learn more about how CDs are safe.

CD maturity date

Unlike any other bank account, CDs mature on a specific day either months or years after you opened it. Many banks automatically renew CDs, but that might not be in your best interest. Consider your choices when CDs mature.

CD penalty

If you break the seal on a CD before the maturity date, you’ll likely pay a penalty worth several months to a year’s worth of interest earned. See a list of a dozen banks’ CD early withdrawal penalties.

Types of CDs

For the most part, you’ll consider CDs with fixed rates, no ability to add more money over time, and a penalty if you access the money before maturity. However, not all CDs have this set of traits. No-penalty CDs, for example, let you withdraw for free whenever you choose. Step-up CDs have the CD rate increase once or twice during a term. Explore nine types of CDs.

When to get a CD

CDs work best for people in specific situations, such as:

• Locking up funds for a future purchase: If you have some savings dedicated to a big purchase years away, such as a car or down payment for a home, a CD can keep your money safe and out of reach until the estimated date you’ll need it.

• Protecting wealth for several years: If you want to avoid the risks that come with stocks and bonds, especially if you’re close to retirement, you may decide to make use of long-term CDs. Your money won’t grow as much over time as it would in stocks, but CD returns are guaranteed and generally higher than those of other bank accounts.

• Using CDs for pre-invested funds: If you’re a fan of gradually investing money and you’re sitting on a large sum of cash, you might decide to spread out when you buy stocks or mutual funds using a strategy known as dollar-cost averaging. You can put the cash you’ll eventually invest into CDs to earn more interest than would be possible if it were sitting in a regular savings account.

How to open a CD

First, choose your CD based on rate, term and type of CD. Next, choose how to apply — online, over the phone, or at a branch if applicable — and get your identification ready. Read more about the next steps to opening a CD account.

CD vs. savings account

A certificate of deposit generally keeps your money under lock and key for a fixed term and rate and you can’t make additional contributions. In exchange for losing access, CDs tend to have higher rates than other savings accounts.

A regular savings account is more flexible and lets you deposit funds at any time and withdraw money at least several times per month. For more about their differences, see our article on CDs vs. savings.

CD vs. bond

A CD is a federally insured savings account for a term usually up to five years. To withdraw early, you usually pay a penalty.

A bond is a loan to a company or the government for a term that can be as long as 30 years. Unlike most types of CDs, you must sell bonds if you need to access the money before maturity. Learn more about the difference between bonds and CDs.

Types of CD strategies

There are a few ways to get creative with your use of CDs.

A CD ladder involves dividing up an investment into several CDs of different term lengths. When each CD matures, place that money into a new long-term CD so that you take advantage of potentially higher rates offered over time. See our in-depth explainer on CD ladders.

A CD barbell can resemble a CD ladder without middle rungs. You split an investment into long-term and short-term CDs, with the goal of waiting for higher rates before putting all your money into long-term CDs.

A CD bullet strategy consists of one or multiple CDs that have around the same maturity date. The goal is to build savings for a big purchase years away, such as a down payment on a home. Learn more about all three strategies in our guide for how to invest in CDs.

Where are CD rates right now?

Here’s a snapshot of national averages compared to an online bank’s high-yield CDs.

If you want a bigger picture of CD rates over the past decade, see our article on historical CD rates. Or, to see a current sample of yields from three months to five years, check out current CD rates.

What are promotional CD rates?

Some banks have deals on nonstandard terms such as 7-month and 17-month CDs, so you may have some luck finding higher than average yields for promotional CD rates.

Compare some CD rates:

See CD rates by term and type

At NerdWallet, we update lists of the best CD rates monthly and take account minimums and other factors into consideration. See top CD rates by term and type:

• Best CD Rates overall

• Best 3-month CD rates

• Best 6-month CD rates

• Best 1-year CD rates

• Best 3-year CD rates

• Best 5-year CD rates

• Best no-penalty CD rates

• Best IRA CD rates

See CD rates by bank

If you want a closer look at all the relevant details to opening a CD at specific banks, here’s a quick list of both traditional and online banks’ CDs (and one brokerage’s offering):