The consumer prices index, or CPI, rate remained at 2.2% in the year to August 2024, according to the Office for National Statistics (ONS), the same annual rate as in the year to July 2024.
The CPI measures the change in prices UK consumers pay for everyday goods and services, like groceries, fuel and clothing. It compares the prices of goods and services now with how much they cost a year ago. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) calculates and releases an updated figure each month.
What is the current CPI rate?
The ONS report for August 2024 estimates that CPI in the UK rose to 2.2%, unchanged from the annual rate in July 2024.
- Inflation picked up in the transport category, with prices rising by 1.3% in the year to August compared with 0.2% in the year to July 2024. This uptick was partly offset by falling motor vehicle fuels, contributing to a flatlining inflation rate overall.
- Annual hotel and restaurant price rises slowed a little from 4.9% in July to 4.3% in August 2024
- Price rises in the food and non-alcoholic beverages category slowed slightly, falling to a 1.3% increase in the year to August 2024, from a 1.5% rise in the year to June and July.
- Core CPI – all items minus food, energy, alcohol and tobacco – rose by 3.6% in the 12 months to August 2024, up from 3.3% in July.
CPI rates history
| Month | Annual CPI rate |
|---|---|
| August 2024 | 2.2% |
| July 2024 | 2.2% |
| June 2024 | 2% |
| May 2024 | 2% |
| April 2024 | 2.3% |
| March 2024 | 3.2% |
| February 2024 | 3.4% |
| January 2024 | 4% |
| December 2023 | 4% |
| November 2023 | 3.9% |
| October 2023 | 4.6% |
| September 2023 | 6.7% |
| August 2023 | 6.7% |
What is the UK target inflation rate?
It’s down to the Bank of England to keep inflation stable and keep prices manageable for households and businesses –– the target inflation rate set by the government is 2%. The Bank of England attempts to influence inflation through monetary policy, including how much it costs to borrow by setting interest rates.
The Bank of England cut the base rate of interest in August from 5.25% to 5% and some analysts expect the Bank to cut the rate further before the end of the year, though it is expected to continue its cautious approach.
Since the end of 2023, inflation has gradually been falling back to the Bank of England’s target of 2%, with May 2024’s figure hitting the Bank of England’s target for the first time since July 2021.
This is good news after inflation had increased sharply throughout 2021 and 2022 following the end of coronavirus restrictions and the war in Ukraine. As the economy reopened following lockdowns, shifts in consumer demand and supply disruptions for certain goods (such as cars) all contributed to a rise in inflation, increasing the cost of living.
Then the war in Ukraine tightened the supply of oil, gas and grain, contributing to an increase in energy prices (and inflation) throughout 2022.
Experts expect the CPI rate to hover above the Bank of England’s 2% target over the next few months, before hitting the target again in early 2025.
Amy Knight, NerdWallet UK spokesperson, said: “Inflation staying close to target is positive news, but feeding a family is still a struggle for many: average grocery bills are up by around 13% in the past year. With the energy price cap pushing up energy bills this winter, shoppers can’t afford to be complacent: using online tools to compare the price of your food shop at supermarkets can help you make the most of your grocery budget.”
What is in the CPI ‘basket’?
The goods and services that the CPI measures are often referred to collectively as the ‘shopping basket’. This changes annually to reflect consumers’ behaviour and spending patterns.
There are more than 700 goods and services in the basket. Items include:
- furniture, furnishings and carpets
- alcoholic drinks
- clothing
- food
- electricity, gas and other fuels
In those broad segments are more specific categories, such as “milk, cheese and eggs” under food.
And then there are actual items within specific categories, for example “non-dairy milk drinks and yoghurts” under “milk, cheese and eggs”.
Examples of items that were added in 2024 include “vinyl music”, reflecting the fact that more people are buying records, and “air fryers”, because these have become more popular in recent years.
Examples of items that were removed in 2024 include “sofa beds”, reflecting the fact that pull-out beds have potentially become more popular, and “hand hygiene gel,” because demand has dropped since the coronavirus pandemic.
The difference between CPI and CPIH
The CPI is just one of a few indices used in the UK to measure inflation. The Consumer Prices Index including owner occupiers’ housing costs (CPIH) is the headline measure used by the ONS.
The CPIH is almost the same as the CPI, but it also measures the change in the cost of owning, maintaining and living in your home, including council tax. Because it includes these costs, the ONS calls it the ‘most comprehensive measure of inflation’.
However, it doesn’t include mortgage payments – instead, the ONS measures how much it would cost homeowners to rent their homes. This is called ‘rental equivalence’.
The CPIH rose by 3.1% in the 12 months to August 2024, the same rate as July.
The difference between CPI and RPI
RPI refers to the Retail Prices Index, which is the longest-standing measure of inflation in the UK.
It broadly measures the same goods and services as the CPI, but also includes mortgage interest payments. House prices and interest rates therefore affect the RPI.
While the CPIH includes the cost of owning, maintaining and living in your home, it doesn’t include mortgage interest payments as the RPI does.
There’s another index derived from the RPI called the RPIX, which excludes mortgage interest payments. The RPIX was the UK’s lead inflation index until 2003, when it was replaced by the CPI.
The RPI and the CPI are calculated differently, using different methods of calculating average prices, as well as different formulae.
The ONS believes that the RPI isn’t a great statistic, because it is likely to considerably overstate or at times understate inflation, and it discourages its use.
However, it still calculates and publishes the RPI monthly, because it’s used in long-term contracts and index-linked gilts. The government is planning to change the way that the RPI is calculated, bringing it in line with the CPIH, but this won’t happen before 2030.
The RPI rose by 3.5% in the 12 months to August 2024, down slightly from 3.6% in July.
Some consumer costs are still linked to RPI inflation
While the ONS discourages its use, and the UK’s national statistician, Professor Sir Ian Diamond, has called it ‘not fit for purpose’, some elements of the UK economy are still linked to RPI inflation.
Items that bring in money for the government tend to be linked to the RPI figure, which is usually higher than the CPI figure. Consumer costs that increase in line with the RPI include car tax, tobacco duty, alcohol duty and interest on student loans. Some mobile phone tariffs and train tickets are linked to the RPI figure, too.
On the other hand, government spending tends to be linked to the lower CPI figure. This includes the state pension, universal credit and jobseekers’ allowance.
How is CPI used?
As mentioned above, the government uses CPI for the Bank of England’s target inflation rate. It’s also used when it reviews and uprates certain state benefits and tax thresholds.
The ONS also monitors wage growth in relation to the CPI and CPIH. As high inflation means that consumers have less purchasing power, the ONS measures how much wages have actually increased when taking the level of inflation into account.
» MORE: What can you do about high UK inflation?
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