How Do Hybrid Cars Work?

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The basics of how hybrid cars work
- Internal combustion engine (ICE). This is the same type of engine found in traditional gas-powered cars.
- Electric motor. Powered by a battery, this motor can drive the car on its own or assist the gas engine.
- Run on the gas engine only.
- Run on the electric motor only (with distance limitations).
- Use both the gas engine and electric motor together.
Key hybrid components and how they work
1. Traction battery pack
- Stores electricity for the electric motor.
- Recharges through regenerative braking (more on that below) or with help from the gas engine.
- Unlike plug-in hybrids or EVs, standard hybrids do not need to be plugged in to recharge.
- Hybrids also have an auxiliary battery used to start the car before the traction battery engages. The auxiliary battery also powers vehicle accessories.
2. Electric traction motor
- Uses power from the traction battery to turn the vehicle’s wheels.
- Some vehicles use motor generators that combine the drive and electric regeneration functions.
3. Electric generator and regenerative braking
- Generates electricity from the rotating wheels while braking.
- Transfers that energy back to the traction battery.
- Saved energy can immediately power the vehicle the next time it accelerates, while delaying the restart of the gas engine.
- Electric generators on some hybrids combine the regeneration and drive functions.
4. Powertrain
- Parallel hybrids. These use the gas engine and one or more electric motors to directly power the wheels. Parallel systems are the most common.
- Series hybrids. These use only the electric motor to drive the wheels. The gas engine does not directly power the drivetrain, but instead acts as a generator to charge the battery. Series systems are less common.
- Series-parallel hybrids. These combine the advantages of parallel and series systems by using a power-split device. Either the engine or the electric motor can directly power the wheels, or both can be used simultaneously. This system is most often found on Toyota models.
5. Gasoline engine
- Similar to the engine in conventional vehicles.
- Extra power provided by the electric motor allows for a smaller engine.
When does a hybrid’s electric motor kick in?
- Low-speed driving. In stop-and-go traffic or at lower speeds, many hybrids rely on the electric motor alone.
- Idling. When the vehicle is stopped at a red light, the gas engine may shut off completely to save fuel.
- Gentle acceleration. As the vehicle accelerates from a stop, electric power moves the car forward and may be the only source of power until the vehicle hits about 25 mph.
- Deceleration or braking. The electric motor turns into a generator, feeding energy back into the battery.
What does a hybrid’s start/stop function do?
- Turns off the engine when the car comes to a complete stop.
- Restarts the engine instantly when you take your foot off the brake or press the accelerator.
- Saves fuel during idle time, especially in traffic or at long stoplights.
The benefits of hybrid design
- Better fuel economy. Using the electric motor at low speeds helps reduce fuel use.
- Lower emissions. Less gasoline burned means fewer harmful emissions.
- Quieter operation: Driving on electric power is nearly silent.
- Less wear on brakes. Regenerative braking reduces strain on traditional brake systems.
- No need to plug in. Standard hybrids charge themselves while you drive.
How full hybrids work compared to mild hybrids
How do hybrids compare to plug-in hybrids?
- Larger batteries.
- Longer electric-only driving range.
- Ability to charge via an external charger.
How hybrids work vs. electric vehicles
Hybrid (HEV) | Electric Vehicle (EV or BEV) | |
---|---|---|
Power source | Gas + electric. | Electric only. |
Charging | Charges while driving (no plug-in needed). | Requires external charging. |
Emissions | Lower than gas-only cars. | Zero tailpipe emissions. |
Fuel savings | Moderate to high. | Highest, but varies by electricity cost. |
Range | Unlimited with gas. | Limited by battery range. |