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What is wage garnishment?
Wage garnishment is when a court orders that your employer withhold a portion of your paycheck and send it directly to the creditor or person to whom you owe money.
Child support, consumer debts and student loans are common sources of wage garnishment. Your earnings will be garnished until the debt is paid off or otherwise resolved.
For student loan borrowers, the U.S. Department of Education said it will resume collections of defaulted federal student loans starting May 5.
If you're in default, you'll hear from the department's Office of Federal Student Aid in the next two weeks with a reminder to begin repayment. Later this summer, the office said it will send wage garnishment notifications .
You do have legal rights, including caps on how much can be taken at once. You can also take steps to lessen the effect and help you bounce back.
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Types of garnishment and how it happens
There are two types of garnishment:
- Wage garnishment: Creditors can legally require your employer to hand over part of your earnings to pay off your debts.
- Nonwage garnishment: Commonly referred to as a bank levy; creditors can tap into your bank account.
How does wage garnishment work?
Garnishment often happens when a creditor sues you for nonpayment of a debt and wins in court. Sometimes, though, a creditor can force garnishment without a court order, for instance, if you owe back taxes or a balance on federal student loans.
The court will send notices to you and your bank or employer. The garnishment can begin the first payday after the employer gets the court order . The garnishment continues until the debt, potentially including court fees and interest, is paid.
How much of your wages can be garnished?
Here’s an overview of the federal limits on how much of your disposable income a creditor can take. (When it comes to wage garnishment, “disposable income” means any money left after deductions, such as Social Security, Medicare and other taxes, are taken out.)
| Type of debt | Percent of weekly disposable income that can be garnished |
|---|---|
| Credit card and medical bills, personal loans and most other consumer debts | Either 25% or the amount by which your weekly income exceeds 30 times the federal minimum wage (currently $7.25 an hour), whichever is less. Here’s how that breaks down: • If your weekly disposable income is $217.50 or lower, garnishment is not allowed. • If it's $217.51 to $289.99, the amount above $217.50 can be taken. • If it's $290 or more, a maximum of 25% is taken. |
| Child support and alimony | Up to 50% of disposable earnings if you are supporting another child or spouse; otherwise, up to 60%. If you are more than 12 weeks late in payments, an additional 5% may be taken. |
| Federal student loans or other non-tax debts owed to the U.S. government | Up to 15% of disposable income. |
| Taxes | The IRS will determine the amount taken based on your filing status and the number of dependents you have. |
Know your wage garnishment rights
You have some rights in the wage garnishment process, but in most states, it’s your responsibility to be aware of and exercise these rights .
- You have to be legally notified of the garnishment.
- You can file a dispute if the notice has inaccurate information or you believe you don’t owe the debt.
- Some forms of income, such as Social Security, Supplemental Security Income and veterans' benefits, are exempt from garnishment as income. However, they could be subject to seizure once in your bank account if you don't receive these benefits via direct deposit .
- You can’t be fired for having one single wage garnishment.
What to do when you get a garnishment judgment
If you believe the judgment was made in error or it’s causing undue harm to your finances, you can challenge the garnishment.
First, carefully read the judgment to make sure all of the information is accurate. Make sure that it’s not something you already paid, and that it’s your debt. If it is your debt, consider how much money will be taken, and what it will mean for you.
Then, weigh what to do next. You might want to consult a consumer law attorney or local legal aid to determine what’s best for you. You can also get attorney referrals from the American Bar Association or the bar association in your state.
You have three main options for handling a wage garnishment judgment:
Work out a different deal
Contact your creditors to negotiate. You could look at your budget, see how much you can afford to pay, and see if the creditor will agree to a payment plan.
Challenge the judgment
If you believe the garnishment was made in error, will cause undue harm, or is being improperly executed, you can object in court. You’ll have to act quickly. You may have only five business days to contest the ruling.
Accept the garnishment
You can pay off the garnishment in installments as the judgment states or pay in a lump sum. Borrowing money from a family member or taking out a personal loan to pay off the judgment, which is possible even with the garnishment on your credit report, could give you quick relief from the stress of a prolonged series of payments.
A garnishment judgment will stay on your credit reports for up to seven years, potentially affecting your credit score.
If wage garnishment is a financial burden
If you need more help, consult a nonprofit credit counselor to discuss your debt relief options, such as a repayment plan or bankruptcy.
You can also explore ways to restore your credit.
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- 1. U.S. Department of Education. U.S. Department of Education to Begin Federal Student Loan Collections, Other Actions to Help Borrowers Get Back into Repayment. Accessed Apr 28, 2025.
- 2. Bureau of the Fiscal Service. Administrative Wage Garnishment for Employers. Accessed Feb 26, 2025.
- 3. U.S. Department of Labor. Employment Law Guide: Employee Rights. Accessed Apr 28, 2025.
- 4. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . Can a debt collector take my federal benefits, like Social Security or VA payments?. Accessed Apr 28, 2025.
