What is Bad Debt?
A mortgage you can afford is generally thought to be a good form of debt. High-interest loans that end up costing you more are examples of bad debt.
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In a perfect world, everything would be affordable and you’d have enough money in the bank to cover what you buy.
But big expenses often require borrowing, and credit cards, while useful, can make it easy to over extend and carry a balance.
In fact, nearly half of Americans who currently have revolving credit card debt (47%) say that debt is likely to increase in 2026, according to a NerdWallet survey.
The key is to be judicious about your borrowing habits, mindful of income limitations and aware of how easy debt can go from good to bad, and even toxic. Start by understanding the differences.
What is good debt?
Examples of good debt include a mortgage or a student loan. These types of loans typically have a low fixed interest rate and finance something that can grow in value.
It’s also good if the interest is tax-deductible, like some mortgage and student loan interest.
What is bad debt?
Debt tends to turn bad when you take it on at high interest rates to pay for things that lose value.
Examples include high-interest personal loans for discretionary purchases such as vacations, auto loans that stretch five years or longer, or high-interest credit card debt with increasing balances.
What is toxic debt?
Toxic debt can cost you the most. It consists of no-credit-check and payday loans with APRs above 36%, loans with a repayment time so long you end up paying more than the item is worth or high-interest loans requiring collateral you can’t afford to lose, like your car.
Debt like this has crushing interest costs and limits your cash flow, savings and ability to borrow for goals like buying a home, says Erika Safran, a certified financial planner with Safran Wealth Advisors in New York City.
It can take you off your game and send you off track for years.
Common warning signs of having too much debt
A debt load — the total of all your debt obligations — that exceeds 36% of your gross income can be difficult to pay off and can make accessing credit more challenging.
Use this tool to calculate your debt-to-income ratio and watch for these signs:
- Your debt balance is not going down despite regular payments.
- You’re living paycheck to paycheck, with no money at the end of the month.
- You’re not contributing to an employer-sponsored retirement plan because you need the money.
- You’re unable to build an emergency fund of at least $500 to buffer against financial shocks.
- You’re using credit cards for cash advances.
If you can't keep up with payments, then it’s likely time to get help. Explore loan consolidation, a debt management plan or look into debt relief.
» Learn more: How to pay off debt
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