Default judgments happen when you don’t respond to a lawsuit — often from a debt collector — and a judge resolves the case without hearing your side. In effect, you’re found guilty because you never entered a defense.
What is a default judgment?
A default judgment is a ruling in favor of the plaintiff — granted by a judge or a court — when a defendant fails to respond to a court summons or fails to show up in court, according to the Legal Information Institute. The amount of time varies, but you generally have between 20 to 30 days to respond to a court summons.
What happens after a default judgment is passed against you?
Default judgments are sometimes called automatic judgments because of how fast they can happen. If you haven’t responded by the deadline stated in the summons after being sued for a debt, the plaintiff can try to collect the money you owe. Next up could be a lien on your property, wage garnishment or a bank account levy, which allows a creditor to remove money from your bank accounts to repay the debt.
Default judgments are no longer included in your credit report — but records of default judgments are publicly accessible, so credit lenders may be hesitant to lend to you in the future after having one entered against you.
How do you handle a default judgment?
If you get notice of a default judgment or garnishment, here’s what to do.
1. Gather information
The debt collection process may unfold over several years before a lawsuit happens. The debt may be sold and resold from collector to collector, and errors can creep in. You’ll want to make sure the judgment order is for a debt you actually owe, and in the correct amount.
Collect all information you have, including:
Bills from the original creditor.
Notices from the debt collector, such as the validation letter.
Any court documents you received.
If you never received collections notices or weren’t served a court notice before the lawsuit, the debt collector may have violated your consumer rights. You may have grounds to challenge the judgment. Read on for how to do so.
2. Consult legal help
Next, seek legal help in your area. Many offer services for free or at a low cost.
“We always recommend consumers seek legal advice whenever possible before trying to address a default judgment case,” says Susan Shin, legal director at the New Economy Project, a consumer advocacy group in New York. “A little advice goes a long way, and with legal help a lot of people are successful in getting relief from the judgment.”
A lawyer can help you figure out if the judgment is correct and, if so, talk through your options. If the judgment is incorrect, your lawyer can help you figure out how to challenge it.
3. Decide on your course of action
You have four main options to deal with a default judgment:
Accept the judgment.
Settle the judgment for less.
Challenge the judgment.
Pursue debt relief.
Accept the judgment
If you do owe the money, simply accepting the judgment is likely your best option. You can pay in full with a lump sum directly to the creditor, if you can pull together enough money.
A nonprofit credit counselor can help you examine your budget to see how to afford it.
You do have rights in the garnishment process. You have to be legally notified of the garnishment, and you can file a dispute if the notice has inaccurate information. Some forms of income, such as Social Security, are exempt. You can challenge a garnishment order if your rights have been violated or if it would prevent you from affording basic necessities.
Settle the judgment
A creditor may agree to settle the judgment for less than you owe. This typically happens when the creditor thinks you might file bankruptcy and wipe out the debt that way.
Settling can be a win-win. The creditor gets at least partial payment for the debt — although it usually will require it as a lump sum. You pay less and avoid a long wage garnishment. The creditor will file a “satisfaction of judgment” with the court.
Be sure to get a written agreement that says exactly how much you will pay and when, and that the payment settles the entire debt. An experienced consumer attorney can help ensure a successful settlement.
Challenge the judgment
If a default judgment was made in error, you may have grounds to challenge it and have it vacated, or set aside. You might be able to do this if you never owed the debt or weren’t notified of the lawsuit, or if the case was mismanaged.
Talk with a legal advisor and respond as soon as you know about the judgment. Garnishment orders can start less than a month after a judgment is granted.
If you knew of the lawsuit but never responded, you generally have six months to argue “excusable neglect.” You can cite circumstances such as illness or travel. If you didn’t know about the suit, you’ll generally have up to two years to challenge it. State laws vary, so seek legal counsel.
Challenging a judgment takes time and dedication but can pay off. “Many consumers can actually get money returned through restitution,” Shin says. “The case can either be thrown out completely or reopened, but at least if the case is reopened, there’s no judgment in place. It’s like the case is starting from the beginning again, but the person now has a chance to defend themselves.”
Pursue debt relief
If you see no way to handle the default judgment order, you may want to discharge the judgment through bankruptcy. Consult a bankruptcy attorney to see if it’s a good option for you.
Act quickly. If you file a bankruptcy petition, the judgment and all enforcement actions will be put on hold.