What Is a Junk Fee?
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Updated Dec. 5:
The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau announced on Dec. 5 that it will distribute $1.8 billion to 4.3 million consumers who were charged illegal advance fees by Lexington Law and CreditRepair.com, which used telemarketing to offer credit repair services to customers.
“Lexington Law and CreditRepair.com exploited vulnerable consumers who were trying to rebuild their credit, charging them illegal junk fees for results they hadn’t delivered,” CFPB Director Rohit Chopra said in a news release.
The CFPB brought suit against several interrelated companies in 2019, accusing them of violating the Telemarketing Sales Rule by asking customers to pay fees in advance of receiving any services. A district court agreed in 2023 and a settlement was reached.
Junk fees are pesky at best, expensive at worst and usually a surprise to consumers. They can include the surcharges you pay on credit cards, bills, loans, air travel, hotel rooms and event tickets.
These are some of the most common types of junk fees, as defined by the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB:
Fees for overdraft or nonsufficient funds. The average cost of these fees is between $30 and $35, the CFPB says.
Late fees for not paying a bill on time. Nearly 60% of all fees charged by credit card issuers in 2019 came from late fees alone, according to the CFPB.
Convenience fees. Companies charge these fees to accept bill payments online or over the phone, transfer payments or conduct foreign transactions.
Prepaid card fees. Add-on or unadvertised costs to use prepaid cards. These cards provide a critical service for unbanked individuals, according to the CFPB.
Closing costs and homebuying fees. Added costs associated with closing on a home, including document preparation or title insurance, can cut into household equity. It may even be a barrier to homeownership, according to the CFPB.
These fees drive up overall costs for consumers and make it more difficult to do comparison shopping, according to a fact sheet released by the White House in March. In addition, fees at the back end of a transaction or those hidden in fine print distort the total price for consumers. You see this tactic with “service fees” for event ticketing or “resort fees” on hotel bills.
Junk fees are found across most financial services. For example, a CFPB report on March 8 detailed unlawful junk fees in several loan servicing markets, including auto loans, mortgages, student loans and payday loans. Some of those illegal fees include:
Auto loan servicing. Fake and excessive late fees, inflated estimated repossession fees, excessive processing fees and kickback payments.
Mortgage loan servicing. Excessive late fees, fees for unnecessary property inspections, fake private mortgage insurance premium charges and failure to adhere to Department of Housing and Urban Development, or HUD, rules that protected homeowners from late charges, fees and penalties.
Payday and title lending. Vehicle repossession fees, property retrieval fees and vehicles being repossessed with fees despite prior payment agreements with borrowers.
Student loan servicing. Late fees and interest even after payments were made on time, usually when servicers erroneously and temporarily allowed payments by credit card.
Efforts to combat hidden and junk fees
Event and travel fees will be more transparent
On June 15, 2023 President Joe Biden announced that a group of event ticketing and travel companies will commit to all-in pricing. This would get rid of the “hidden” aspect of hidden fees, but does not eliminate fees altogether. Those companies include Ticketmaster (owned by Live Nation), SeatGeek, xBk, Airbnb, the Pablo Center at the Confluence, TickPick, DICE, and the Newport Festivals Foundation. Some of these companies — Airbnb, TickPick and DICE — have already changed their policies to allow consumers to see total costs up front. But others have made new pledges:
Live Nation is committing to providing upfront all-in pricing in September. That includes Ticketmaster events, as well.
SeatGeek, a primary and secondary ticketing platform, plans to roll out all-in pricing this summer.
xBx, a venue in Iowa that also sits on the board for the National Independent Venue Association, plans to introduce all-in pricing, as well.
Junk health insurance
On March 28, the Biden Administration announced it would be taking action against junk health insurance in order to reduce scam insurance plans. The administration says insurance companies have been able to take advantage of loopholes in the Affordable Care Act to sell “junk insurance”. That includes, for example, insurance plans that deny care based on pre-existing conditions, which is not allowed under the Affordable Care Act.
Under a new final rule, any new plans that purport to provide “short-term” health insurance now have a three month-limit with a maximum renewal of four months total. The original Affordable Care Act set a three-month time limit on these plans, but the previous administration extended the duration of the limit for up to three years.
In addition, the health insurance plans must explicitly disclose limits, as in, the types of services that will be covered and how much of the expense is covered.
College and student loan borrower junk fees
On March 15, the Biden Administration announced it would crack down on junk fees that impact college students and student loan borrowers. That includes eliminating junk fees associated with student banking products; requiring students to sign-off on textbook fees as part of tuition costs; and requiring colleges to return unused meal plan dollars to students. The administration also wants to remove origination fees from new student loans, but that type of change requires approval from Congress.
Credit card late fees and overdraft fee restrictions
On March 5, the CFPB issued a rule that will reduce the typical credit card late fee from $32 to $8, which should translate to more than $10 billion in annual savings among the roughly 45 million consumers who are charged late fees.In January, the CFPB proposed new restrictions on how much banks can charge for overdrafts.
Airline junk fees
On April 24, the Department of Transportation announced new rules that would require airlines to refund passengers automatically for flights that are canceled or significantly delayed; refund passengers for their checked bags if delayed bags are not returned to customers within 12 hours of their domestic flight landing or 15-30 hours for international flights; refund any purchased services that the airline doesn’t provide, including Wi-Fi and seat selection.
Several airlines sued to block implementation of additional rules that would require all airlines and ticketing agents to provide transparency about fees charged for first or second checked bags, carry-on bags and for canceling or changing reservations. In July, an appeals court temporarily blocked the transparency rules.
Rental housing platforms commit to price transparency
On July 19, 2023 the Biden Administration announced that three rental housing platforms will show total costs for rental units up front. The companies that are committing to price transparency include:
Zillow is launching a “Cost of Renting Summary” on all active apartment listings. The tool will include all monthly costs and one-time costs.
Apartments.com will launch a new calculator this year that will determine the all-in price of rental units including up-front cost and recurring monthly fees.
AffordableHousing.com will launch a “Trusted Owner” badge that identifies owners that have a history of committing to reasonable fee limits, not charging junk fees and providing full fee disclosures. It also will require owners to disclose all refundable and nonrefundable costs up front in listings.
What’s the problem with rental junk fees?
In a July 19, 2023 report from The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), it said the fees that renters tend to face add up quickly. Application fees, for example, range from $50 to several hundred dollars. These fees are intended to cover the cost of background checks. These fees are particularly burdensome in tight markets because renters tend to submit multiple applications, according to the report. And the fees disproportionately burden Black and Hispanic renters, as well as low-income households with housing vouchers, who tend to submit more applications than white renters, HUD said. Once a renter signs a lease they may end up paying a monthly fee that is higher than the rent price due to hidden or junk fees, according to the report.
What else is being done to curb junk fees?
Here are some of the recent actions taken to cut down on junk fees:
In January 2024, Politico obtained a draft of a plan from The Department of Education to either ban or curb junk fees on college-sponsored debit cards and other financial products that are advertised to students. The plan would also encourage universities to abide by the CFPB guidance that restricts fees on several different types of financial products — such as deposit insurance, online bill pay or overdraft loans – that universities market to students as part of agreements they have with banks and financial institutions.
On Oct. 31, 2023 the White House announced that the Department of Labor would soon propose a new rule that would minimize junk fees in retirement advising. The administration says when a financial adviser provides retirement advice they may be paid a commission to recommend a specific investment product — advice that's not in a saver's best interest is a hidden cost to their lifetime savings, which the Biden administration says is a junk fee. By requiring advisers to make recommendations in the best interest of the saver, the latter could see up to 20% more retirement savings, over a lifetime, according to the Biden administration.
On Oct. 11, 2023 the Federal Trade Commission announced on Oct. 11 a proposed rule to ban businesses from charging hidden fees and would require them to display the purpose and full amount of any fees. As part of the proposed rulemaking process, consumers can submit comments electronically for 60 days through regulations.gov.
On Oct. 11, 2023 the CFPB refunded $140 million to consumers as a result of its supervisory work on illegal junk fees. Of the total refund, $120 million is for surprise overdraft fees and double-dipping on fees on accounts with insufficient funds.
On July 11, 2023 the CFPB ordered Bank of America to pay more than $100 million to Bank of America customers. It said Bank of America was systematically double-dipping on insufficient fund account fees; withholding reward bonuses it promised to credit card customers; and misappropriating sensitive, personal information to open accounts without customer authorization.
On June 21, 2023 the Federal Trade Commission took action against Amazon.com, charging that Amazon tricked customers into enrolling in Amazon Prime through “manipulative, coercive or deceptive user interface designs known as ‘dark patterns’ to trick consumers into enrolling in automatically-renewing Prime subscriptions.” It also charges that Amazon knowingly made the cancellation process for Prime subscribers more complicated.
In February, 2023 the CFPB announced a proposed rule to curb excessive late fees on credit cards that could save consumers up to an estimated $9 billion per year. The CFPB found credit card companies charge customers as much as $41 per missed payment; the proposed rule would lower that amount to a maximum of $8.
On Feb. 1, 2023 Department of Transportation Secretary Pete Buttigieg said the DOT would launch a dashboard displaying which airlines guarantee family seating. And in March, the department submitted a rule to Congress requiring airlines to provide fee-free family seating that allows a parent and child to sit together.
In November 2022, the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, adopted a rule that requires cable and internet providers to list fees and services upfront in a consumer-friendly way. The FCC says this would allow consumers to compare prices between providers more easily.
Junk Fee Prevention Act
The Junk Fee Prevention Act, introduced on March 22 by Sens. Richard Blumenthal, D-Conn., and Sheldon Whitehouse, D-R.I., aims to eliminate hidden and unnecessary fees and require the full price of services to be provided upfront rather than at the point of sale. In addition, the bill would allow the Federal Trade Commission, or FTC, and the FCC to issue and enforce new rules.
The act was introduced after President Joe Biden’s State of the Union address on Feb. 7, in which he said his administration would take on junk fees. Biden called on Congress to pass the act, which had not been formally introduced.
“Junk fees may not matter to the very wealthy, but they matter to most folks in homes like the one I grew up in,” Biden said in his address. “They add up to hundreds of dollars a month. They make it harder for you to pay the bills or afford that family trip. I know how unfair it feels when a company overcharges you and gets away with it. Not anymore.”
Learn more below about the policy proposal for fees charged by hotels, event ticket sellers, communication services and airlines.
• Require clear and conspicuous disclosure of the entire cost of a good or service, including any mandatory fees.
• Bar excessive or deceptive mandatory fees for any good or service. It would also give the FTC rulemaking power to decide when fees are excessive and to enforce any rulemaking.
• Require ticket companies to disclose publicly — no less than 72 hours before a public sale — the total number of tickets offered for sale at a given event. It would also prevent speculative ticketing in which a seller doesn’t have a ticket at the time of sale but sells it anyway.
• Require clear and conspicuous disclosure of guarantees or refunds before the completion of any transaction.
• End early termination fees. The FCC would have rulemaking power in this case.
• Require mandatory fees to be disclosed in all mandatory prices.
• Require airlines to provide children 13 or younger a seat next to a family member without a fee.
