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How to Apply for Student Loans: Federal and Private
Start by submitting the FAFSA to get federal student loans before turning to private options.
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Teddy is a former student loans writer with NerdWallet, where she covered topics around managing money before, during and after college. Her work has been featured by The Associated Press, USA Today, the Chicago Tribune and Reuters.
Karen Gaudette Brewer Lead Assigning Editor | Core Personal Finance
Karen Gaudette Brewer leads the Core Personal Finance team at NerdWallet. Previously, she guided students and their families through the ins and outs of paying for college and managing student debt on the Higher Education team. Helping people navigate complex money decisions and feel more confident brings her great joy: as the daughter of an immigrant, from an early age she was the translator of financial documents and the person who called the credit card company to fix fraud.
She joined NerdWallet with 20 years of experience working in newsrooms and leading editorial teams, most recently as executive editor of HealthCentral. She launched her journalism career with The Associated Press and later worked for The (Riverside) Press-Enterprise, The Seattle Times, PCC Community Markets and Allrecipes.com.
She is a graduate of the 2022 Poynter Institute Leadership Academy for Women in Media. Her writing has been honored by the Society for Features Journalism and the Society of Professional Journalists. In addition, she’s the author of two books about the Pacific Northwest.
NerdWallet ratingNerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for student loan products takes into account more than 50 data points across multiple categories, including repayment options, customer service, lender transparency, loan eligibility and underwriting criteria.
Fixed APR
3.69-17.99%
College Ave Student Loans products are made available through Firstrust Bank, member FDIC, First Citizens Community Bank, member FDIC, or M.Y. Safra Bank, FSB, member FDIC. All loans are subject to individual approval and adherence to underwriting guidelines. Program restrictions, other terms, and conditions apply. (1)All rates include the auto-pay discount. The 0.25% auto-pay interest rate reduction applies as long as a valid bank account is designated for required monthly payments. If a payment is returned, you will lose this benefit. Variable rates may increase after consummation. (2)As certified by your school and less any other financial aid you might receive. Minimum $1,000. (3)This informational repayment example uses typical loan terms for a freshman borrower who selects the Flat Repayment Option with an 8-year repayment term, has a $10,000 loan that is disbursed in one disbursement and a 7.78% fixed Annual Percentage Rate (“APR”): 54 monthly payments of $25 while in school, followed by 96 monthly payments of $176.21 while in the repayment period, for a total amount of payments of $18,266.38. Loans will never have a full principal and interest monthly payment of less than $50. Your actual rates and repayment terms may vary. Information advertised valid as of 09/03/2024. Variable interest rates may increase after consummation. Approved interest rate will depend on creditworthiness of the applicant(s), lowest advertised rates only available to the most creditworthy applicants and require selection of the Flat Repayment Option with the shortest available loan term.
Variable APR
5.59-17.99%
College Ave Student Loans products are made available through Firstrust Bank, member FDIC, First Citizens Community Bank, member FDIC, or M.Y. Safra Bank, FSB, member FDIC. All loans are subject to individual approval and adherence to underwriting guidelines. Program restrictions, other terms, and conditions apply. (1)All rates include the auto-pay discount. The 0.25% auto-pay interest rate reduction applies as long as a valid bank account is designated for required monthly payments. If a payment is returned, you will lose this benefit. Variable rates may increase after consummation. (2)As certified by your school and less any other financial aid you might receive. Minimum $1,000. (3)This informational repayment example uses typical loan terms for a freshman borrower who selects the Flat Repayment Option with an 8-year repayment term, has a $10,000 loan that is disbursed in one disbursement and a 7.78% fixed Annual Percentage Rate (“APR”): 54 monthly payments of $25 while in school, followed by 96 monthly payments of $176.21 while in the repayment period, for a total amount of payments of $18,266.38. Loans will never have a full principal and interest monthly payment of less than $50. Your actual rates and repayment terms may vary. Information advertised valid as of 09/03/2024. Variable interest rates may increase after consummation. Approved interest rate will depend on creditworthiness of the applicant(s), lowest advertised rates only available to the most creditworthy applicants and require selection of the Flat Repayment Option with the shortest available loan term.
NerdWallet ratingNerdWallet's ratings are determined by our editorial team. The scoring formula for student loan products takes into account more than 50 data points across multiple categories, including repayment options, customer service, lender transparency, loan eligibility and underwriting criteria.
Fixed APR
3.59-15.49%
Lowest rates shown include the auto debit. Advertised APRs for undergraduate students assume a $10,000 loan to a student who attends school for 4 years and has no prior Sallie Mae-serviced loans. Interest rates for variable rate loans may increase or decrease over the life of the loan based on changes to the 30-day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of one percent. Advertised variable rates are the starting range of rates and may vary outside of that range over the life of the loan. Interest is charged starting when funds are sent to the school. With the Fixed and Deferred Repayment Options, the interest rate is higher than with the Interest Repayment Option and Unpaid Interest is added to the loan’s Current Principal at the end of the grace/separation period. To receive a 0.25 percentage point interest rate discount, the borrower or cosigner must enroll in auto debit through Sallie Mae. The discount applies only during active repayment for as long as the Current Amount Due or Designated Amount is successfully withdrawn from the authorized bank account each month. It may be suspended during forbearance or deferment. Advertised APRs are valid as of 9/24/2024. Loan amounts: For applications submitted directly to Sallie Mae, loan amount cannot exceed the cost of attendance less financial aid received, as certified by the school. Applications submitted to Sallie Mae through a partner website will be subject to a lower maximum loan request amount. Miscellaneous personal expenses (such as a laptop) may be included in the cost of attendance for students enrolled at least half-time. Examples of typical costs for a $10,000 Smart Option Student Loan with the most common fixed rate, fixed repayment option, 6-month separation period, and two disbursements: For a borrower with no prior loans and a 4-year in-school period, it works out to a 10.28% fixed APR, 51 payments of $25.00, 119 payments of $182.67 and one payment of $121.71, for a Total Loan Cost of $23,134.44. For a borrower with $20,000 in prior loans and a 2-year in-school period, it works out to a 10.78% fixed APR, 27 payments of $25.00, 179 payments of $132.53 and one payment of $40.35 for a total loan cost of $24,438.22. Loans that are subject to a $50 minimum principal and interest payment amount may receive a loan term that is less than 10 years. A variable APR may increase over the life of the loan. A fixed APR will not.
Variable APR
5.54-15.70%
Lowest rates shown include the auto debit. Advertised APRs for undergraduate students assume a $10,000 loan to a student who attends school for 4 years and has no prior Sallie Mae-serviced loans. Interest rates for variable rate loans may increase or decrease over the life of the loan based on changes to the 30-day Average Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) rounded up to the nearest one-eighth of one percent. Advertised variable rates are the starting range of rates and may vary outside of that range over the life of the loan. Interest is charged starting when funds are sent to the school. With the Fixed and Deferred Repayment Options, the interest rate is higher than with the Interest Repayment Option and Unpaid Interest is added to the loan’s Current Principal at the end of the grace/separation period. To receive a 0.25 percentage point interest rate discount, the borrower or cosigner must enroll in auto debit through Sallie Mae. The discount applies only during active repayment for as long as the Current Amount Due or Designated Amount is successfully withdrawn from the authorized bank account each month. It may be suspended during forbearance or deferment. Advertised APRs are valid as of 9/24/2024. Loan amounts: For applications submitted directly to Sallie Mae, loan amount cannot exceed the cost of attendance less financial aid received, as certified by the school. Applications submitted to Sallie Mae through a partner website will be subject to a lower maximum loan request amount. Miscellaneous personal expenses (such as a laptop) may be included in the cost of attendance for students enrolled at least half-time. Examples of typical costs for a $10,000 Smart Option Student Loan with the most common fixed rate, fixed repayment option, 6-month separation period, and two disbursements: For a borrower with no prior loans and a 4-year in-school period, it works out to a 10.28% fixed APR, 51 payments of $25.00, 119 payments of $182.67 and one payment of $121.71, for a Total Loan Cost of $23,134.44. For a borrower with $20,000 in prior loans and a 2-year in-school period, it works out to a 10.78% fixed APR, 27 payments of $25.00, 179 payments of $132.53 and one payment of $40.35 for a total loan cost of $24,438.22. Loans that are subject to a $50 minimum principal and interest payment amount may receive a loan term that is less than 10 years. A variable APR may increase over the life of the loan. A fixed APR will not.
Credible lets you check with multiple student loan lenders to get rates with no impact to your credit score. Visit their website to take the next steps.
Before you apply for student loans, make sure you've exhausted other financial aid, by submitting the Free Application for Federal Student Aid, or FAFSA. The FAFSA is the only way to access free federal money, like grants and work-study programs, that you don't have to pay back.
If you still need to cover college expenses after exhausting your free money, know that all student loans aren't created equal.
Private loans, offered by financial institutions, don't have these same benefits. So it's usually best to turn to private loans only after you've borrowed as much as you can in federal loans.
Complete the FAFSA as early as possible to see what federal aid you're eligible for. The FAFSA typically opens on October 1 for the following academic year. And you can fill out the FAFSA up until June 30. But this year the federal aid process is undergoing some major changes that are causing delays. Expect the 2024-25 FAFSA to open in December 2023.
After submitting the FAFSA, you'll receive a Student Aid Report that lists the type of federal loans available to you and how much you can borrow.
Direct subsidized loans are for undergraduates with a financial need. If you qualify, you won’t be responsible for any interest that accrues while you’re in school.
Direct unsubsidized loans are the most common type of federal student loan. They’re available to both undergraduate and graduate borrowers, but they do accrue interest while you’re in school. The interest is capitalized (added to your balance) at the end of your grace period.
Grad PLUS loans are for graduate and professional students. These loans let you borrow up to the cost of attendance, but you can't have an adverse credit history to be eligible for a grad PLUS loan.
Parent PLUS loans are for parents with dependent undergraduate students. Like the grad PLUS loan, a parent can't have an adverse credit history to qualify. They can borrow as much as they need to cover their student’s college costs.
How much can I borrow in federal student loans?
You can take out multiple types of federal loans if you qualify, but there are limits on how much you can get in student loans based on your loan type, your year in school and whether you’re a dependent or independent student. There are also limits to how much you can borrow throughout your entire higher education. Note that the total limits for graduate borrowers include any loans borrowed as an undergraduate.
What interest rate can I expect with federal student loans?
Congress sets student loan interest rates for all federal loans each year, but the new rates apply only to new loans. Once you've taken out a federal loan, your interest rate is locked for the life of the loan.
Here are how federal student loan interest rates have trended over the years.
Academic year
Undergraduate
Graduate
Parent PLUS, Grad PLUS
2024-25
6.53%
8.08%
9.08%
2023-24
5.50%
7.05%
8.05%
2022-23
4.99%
6.54%
7.54%
2021-22
3.73%
5.28%
6.28%
2020-21
2.75%
4.30%
5.30%
2019-20
4.53%
6.08%
7.08%
2018-19
5.05%
6.60%
7.60%
2017-18
4.45%
6.00%
7.00%
2016-17
3.76%
5.31%
6.31%
2015-16
4.29%
5.84%
6.84%
2014-15
4.66%
6.21%
7.21%
How to apply for private student loans
Unlike most federal student loans, private student loans require a full underwriting process. Lenders look for borrowers who have good credit and enough extra cash to make loan payments given other expenses — that is, a relatively low debt-to-income ratio. If you don’t meet those requirements, you may need a co-signer to qualify for a private student loan.
Banks, credit unions, online companies and state-based agencies all offer private student loans. With so many options, it’s important to compare interest rates, fees and borrower protections before you choose a lender.
When to use private student loans
Remember to consider federal student loan options first. But private student loans can be a good option, for example, for students who've borrowed the maximum amount of federal loans and still need money for college.
Parents and graduate students with good credit — or undergrads who have a co-signer with good credit — may also be able to get a better interest rate with a private student loan than a federal one. Nonetheless, federal loans still offer more benefits for borrowers, like flexible repayment options. Some private lenders offer benefits, but they’re typically not as generous as federal loans.