NerdWallet

2018 American Household Credit Card Debt Study

American households are carrying more credit card debt from month to month than they did last year. With interest rates rising, now’s a good time to banish those balances for good.

By Claire Tsosie and Erin El Issa
Dec. 10, 2018


Credit card balances carried from month to month continue to inch up, reaching $416.7 billion in September 2018, according to NerdWallet’s annual analysis of U.S. household debt. That’s an increase of more than 4% over the prior year. And for Americans carrying that debt, the impact is significant.

The average U.S. household with credit card debt has an estimated $6,8321 in revolving balances, or balances carried from one month to the next, the analysis found. This pernicious type of debt, which often comes with high interest rates that make it a challenge to pay off, can feel inescapable. About 1 in 11 (9%) Americans who have credit card debt say they don’t think they will ever be completely free of credit card debt, according to a NerdWallet survey conducted by The Harris Poll.2

“Credit card debt is the stain on millions of Americans’ finances that doesn’t scrub off easily, if ever,” says NerdWallet credit card expert Kimberly Palmer. “High interest rates combined with expenses that continue to outweigh income mean that some households are unable to fully rid themselves of debt and, in fact, continue to take on more.”

This is the 2018 edition of NerdWallet’s annual household debt study. For the current edition, see this page. For other NerdWallet credit card research, see our Credit Card Data page.

In many cases, credit card balances represent only a fraction of a household’s debt. U.S. households with any kind of debt held an average of $135,0033 in outstanding debt, which can include mortgages and both transacting and revolving credit card balances.

And certain obstacles — for example, the rising cost of living, the high cost of student loan forbearance (pausing payments while interest is still accruing) and steep credit card interest rates — can make it incredibly difficult to pay off. As revolving credit card debt climbs, outstanding credit card balances are also increasing, reaching $944 billion in September 2018, an increase of more than 4% over the prior year.

Here’s what the average U.S. household owes as of September 2018, according to NerdWallet’s new analysis:

Type of debt Total owed by an average U.S. household with this debt Total owed in the U.S.
* This debt can include mortgages, home equity lines of credit, auto loans, credit cards, student loans and other household debt, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. **The credit card debt figures in this chart represent revolving credit card balances — those that are carried from month to month — rather than all credit card balances. Total U.S. credit card outstanding debt stands at $944 billion as of September 2018, which includes both revolving and transacting balances.
Any type of debt* $135,003 $13.51 trillion
Credit cards (revolving)** $6,832 $416.7 billion
Mortgages $183,378 $9.14 trillion
Auto loans $27,875 $1.27 trillion
Student loans $47,402 $1.44 trillion

To arrive at the $944 billion4 figure, NerdWallet used data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, which measures consumer debt using credit reporting data from Equifax, which tracks lender-reported balances on bank credit cards. Then, we adjusted that number to include retail credit card balances. The number represents a snapshot of consumer balances at a point in time, including those that will be paid in full at the end of the billing cycle and those that won’t. NerdWallet used data from the credit bureau Experian, the U.S. Census Bureau and the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finances to calculate the average revolving balance on credit cards among U.S. households carrying credit card debt.

Credit card debt is the stain on millions of Americans’ finances that doesn’t scrub off easily, if ever.

Kimberly Palmer, NerdWallet's Credit Card Expert

Key findings

  • Incomes are growing, but some costs are growing faster. Median income growth is outpacing inflation, which is good news for consumers. However, some costs — namely medical costs and food purchased away from home — have outpaced median income growth.
  • Student loan forbearance is adding to debt. In the third quarter of 2018, 2.6 million student loan recipients had federally managed student loans in forbearance, with an average balance of $43,538. Forbearance allows borrowers to pause repayment of their loans, although interest continues to accrue. If all student loan recipients with federally managed loans in forbearance kept their loans in forbearance for 12 months without making interest payments, assuming an interest rate of 5.05%, they would add a collective $5.72 billion to their balances. (To estimate the cost of putting payments on hold, jump ahead to our forbearance calculator.)
  • Credit card interest is costly. Households with revolving credit card debt will pay an average of $1,141 in interest this year.

An important change in this year’s report

The $6,832 figure for average credit card debt is substantially lower than the figure highlighted in previous versions of this annual study because of the sharper focus on revolving debt — the balances that hang over consumers’ heads month after month. Because millions of households pay off their credit card balances in full every billing cycle, an increase in total outstanding balances at a given time doesn’t necessarily signal financial hardship; it might show, for example, that consumers have more money to spend and are charging more to their cards without adding to their long-term debt.

But the increase in total revolving credit card debt is more likely to indicate potential problems — for example, consumers charging purchases that they can’t afford, whether those are necessities that their income doesn’t cover or nonessentials that they decide to take on debt to acquire.

For the estimated 48%5 of households that do carry credit card debt, the balances can be a heavy burden. Under the method used for previous versions of this study, the average credit card debt among households with credit card debt in September 2018 would have been $15,474.

For more information about this data, see the methodology section.

Terms to know

Revolving credit card debt: Balances that are carried from month to month on credit cards.

Transacting credit card balances: Balances that are paid off in full each billing cycle on credit cards.

Incomes are growing, but some costs are growing faster

After remaining flat for a time, incomes have outpaced growth in the cost of living for the past four years. Since 2008, U.S. median income has grown 22%; meanwhile, the cost of living has increased about 17%.6 For those getting a significant raise — especially when paying down debt — this is good news. However, it’s worth noting that income isn’t keeping up with expenses for everyone. The highest incomes are growing at a much faster pace than the lowest incomes, on average, according to Census data.

And a few expenses are growing fast, too. The most notable: medical costs, which since 2008 have increased 33%, a significantly faster pace than the rise of the nation’s median income in each of those years. These rising expenses are particularly troubling, since paying for medical procedures and care is sometimes a matter of life or death. Even for people who have health insurance, medical costs can mean thousands of dollars of debt.

Takeout meals and restaurant visits are getting pricier, too. The cost of buying food away from home has gone up 27% since 2008, outpacing the growth of the U.S. median income. While dining out isn’t a necessity for most households — unlike medical care — such an increase can still nibble away at paychecks.

When certain costs are increasing much faster than income, it can make it harder to pay down debt. It can also mean consumers will borrow more than they had planned to.

It’s possible to borrow too much of any kind of consumer debt. But with credit cards, overborrowing is especially common. In fact, among Americans who have had credit card debt, 42% say they took on more debt than planned, according to NerdWallet’s survey. Additionally, almost 2 in 5 Americans (38%) who have had student loan debt also reported borrowing more in student loans than they planned.

CONSUMER TIP: TO PAY OFF DEBT, TRIM LARGE EXPENSES FIRST

A few minor nips and tucks in spending — say, canceling a streaming-service subscription or skipping daily trips to the coffee shop — won’t catapult anyone out of serious debt overnight. But if you’re able to minimize the costs that eat up most of your paycheck, such as rent or mortgage payment and food costs, you could bring down those balances faster.

“Ordering takeout might sound like a convenient option, but many consumers don’t realize the cost of this convenience is burning a hole in their wallet,” Palmer says. “Eating at home more and taking lunch to work are simple ways to free up cash to put toward paying off debt. In the longer run, cutting your housing costs by taking on a roommate or moving to a smaller place can also help.”

Student loan forbearance adds to debt

More than 42 million7 people had federal student loans in the third quarter of 2018, according to the U.S. Department of Education.

For struggling student loan borrowers, the option to pause payments due to hardship seems like a Hail Mary solution for tough times. But beware: Using student loan forbearance to stop payments for several months can be incredibly expensive, and it usually isn’t your best option.

In 2018’s third quarter, 2.6 million student loan recipients had federally managed student loans in forbearance, with an average balance of $43,538.8

It’s important to note that the Department of Education doesn’t make data on repayment paths public;9 federal data doesn’t show how long loans stay in forbearance, or why they wind up there, which would be helpful to understand the scope of this problem. But there are ways to estimate how costly it might be for borrowers. Keeping a loan with the average balance of $43,538 for 12 months without making interest payments, for example, assuming an interest rate of 5.05%,10 would add $2,19911 to the balance.

When a loan goes into forbearance, it can add thousands of dollars in extra debt to the existing student loan balance without the borrower realizing it. According to NerdWallet’s survey, two-thirds of Americans (66%) don’t know that interest accrues at the regular rate when federal student loans are in forbearance. (Student loan deferment can also be similarly expensive. But unlike with forbearance, interest is waived on subsidized federal loans in deferment.)

“Forbearance is almost as bad as a student loan repayment strategy that skips payments altogether,” says Teddy Nykiel, NerdWallet’s student loans expert. “Balances grow, borrowers feel overwhelmed, and it doesn’t make loans more affordable in the long run.”

If all student loan recipients with federally managed loans in forbearance kept their loans there for 12 months without making interest payments, assuming an interest rate of 5.05%, they would add a collective $5.72 billion12 to their balances, according to NerdWallet’s analysis. Almost 70% of borrowers who began repaying their loans in 2013 had loans in forbearance for some portion of the first three years, according to a 2018 U.S. Government Accountability Office report, citing Department of Education data.

Terms to know

Student loan forbearance: A way to put your student loan payments on hold temporarily. During forbearance, interest continues to accrue at the same rate. If you don’t make any payments during this time, that interest will capitalize, or get added to your balance. This could increase your student loan payments afterward.

Student loan deferment: Another way to postpone student loan payments temporarily. Unlike with forbearance, interest on subsidized federal student loans is waived during deferment. Interest isn’t waived on unsubsidized loans.

If forbearance is so costly, why do so many turn to it? One possibility: Student loan servicers might be steering some borrowers toward that option. For example, Navient Corp., a major student loan servicer, faces six lawsuits alleging harm to student loan borrowers during the repayment process. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, one of the parties suing, alleges that Navient has added $4 billion in interest to student borrowers’ loans through the overuse of forbearance.

When Department of Education auditors listened in on randomly selected Navient calls from 2014 to 2017, they found that in almost 1 out of 10 calls examined,13 Navient representatives didn’t mention options besides forbearance, according to a report by The Associated Press, which obtained a copy of the 2017 audit. Navient disputed these allegations in a statement,14 saying that its use of forbearance is “in line with or lower than other major servicers.”

In other cases, struggling borrowers might be encouraged to go into forbearance by the colleges they attended. That’s because schools that receive federal aid are expected to maintain a low “cohort default rate,” the percentage of the school’s borrowers who default on certain federal student loans within a three-year period after starting repayment. In this case, “defaulting” means falling more than 360 days behind on payments.

To keep these cohort default rates low, some schools hired “default management consultants” to encourage borrowers with past-due student loans to pause payments through forbearance, even in cases where better options were available, the GAO report found.

For these consultants, encouraging loan recipients to try forbearance to avoid default makes sense, in part, because it’s quick. In a letter to borrowers, one consultant said a verbal request for forbearance takes about five minutes to process, according to the GAO report. (Enrolling in an income-driven repayment plan is typically a better option, but it takes up to 15 business days to process the paperwork, according to the Department of Education.) Borrowers can also generally stay in forbearance for up to three years, at which point they can default without it being considered a “default” according to cohort default rate. The GAO report found that some schools had offered gift cards to borrowers as an incentive to put loans into forbearance.

CONSUMER TIP: TRY THESE ALTERNATIVES INSTEAD OF STRUGGLING WITH PAYMENTS

Before turning to forbearance, assess the options. Find out if you’re eligible for deferment. If you have subsidized federal student loans, interest won’t accrue on these in deferment. (If you defer unsubsidized federal student loans, you’re generally responsible for paying interest that accrues on these loans during the deferment period.)

Alternatively, you could lower monthly payments with an income-driven repayment plan, which sets loan payments based on how much money you make. While some income-driven plans come with eligibility requirements, you can sign up for the Revised Pay As You Earn plan (REPAYE) regardless of income.

“Income-driven plans give you the flexibility to cover other bills and save money, plus you could get forgiveness on the balance left after 20 or 25 years of payments,” Nykiel says. Once you’re in a better place financially, you can opt to make larger-than-minimum payments while remaining on the income-driven plan. You also have the option of going back to the standard repayment plan, but unpaid interest may capitalize when you switch plans.

Income-driven plans give you the flexibility to cover other bills and save money, plus you could get forgiveness on the balance left after 20 or 25 years of payments.

Teddy Nykiel, NerdWallet’s student loans expert

Terms to know

Subsidized loans: Federal student loans for which eligibility is based on financial need. These are available to undergraduate students. They are “subsidized” because the federal government pays the interest on the loan while the student is in school.

Unsubsidized loans: Federal student loans available to all students — undergraduate or graduate — regardless of financial need. The government does not pay any interest on these loans; that’s entirely the student’s responsibility.

Credit card interest is costly

Paying down credit card debt can feel like plodding along on a treadmill: It’s a good habit, but progress can be slow — especially when you’re dealing with credit card interest charges. As of August 2018, credit card accounts on which interest was assessed charged an average annual percentage rate of 16.46%, according to the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

That means a household with credit card debt of $6,932 (the average revolving balance as of September 2018) would owe about $1,14115 in interest over the course of a year. And rising rates could drive up those costs even further.

Some households will pay more in interest than others, too. For example, according to the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances, about 51% of couples with children carry credit card debt, while 42% of couples with no children do so. Those couples with children carrying credit card debt will pay an average of $1,35616 in interest charges per year — about 16% more than the average U.S. household carrying credit card debt.

As long as you know you can pay off your debt before the end of the 0% APR introductory offer, then a balance transfer card can be a great option.

Kimberly Palmer, NerdWallet's credit card expert

Consumer tip: Look for a card with introductory 0% balance transfer APR

For those with good or excellent credit, moving high-interest credit card debt to a card with an introductory 0% APR period on balance transfers could help save on interest — and it might even accelerate repayment efforts. About 8 in 10 Americans (78%) say that seeing their credit card had a low interest rate would motivate them to pay down credit card debt faster, according to NerdWallet’s survey.

The best balance transfer cards will have:

  • No annual fee.
  • A long introductory 0% APR period on balance transfers (15 months or longer).
  • No balance transfer fee, or a low balance transfer fee. Generally, you don’t want to pay a fee of more than 3% of the amount transferred.

Just remember, after the introductory 0% APR periods on these cards expire, interest will start accruing at the regular rate.

“As long as you know you can pay off your debt before the end of the 0% APR introductory offer, then a balance transfer card can be a great option,” Palmer says. She notes that if you need more time, a personal loan with an interest rate lower than your credit card’s interest rate may be a better alternative.

No matter which method you choose, keep in mind that what someone else finds motivating when it comes to paying down debt faster might not work for you. For example, while 51% of Americans say that having a friend or family member who checks on their progress regularly would motivate them to pay off credit card debt faster, 49% say it wouldn’t, according to NerdWallet’s survey. Similarly, 71% of Americans say that promising themselves a small reward after they finished paying off debt would motivate them to pay down credit card debt faster; 29% say it wouldn’t. Before following someone else’s debt payoff advice, think about whether it’s a good fit for you — and if it isn’t, try a different approach.


Methodology

The survey of 2,008 U.S. adults ages 18 and older was conducted online by The Harris Poll on behalf of NerdWallet on Sept. 25-27, 2018. This online survey isn’t based on a probability sample and therefore no estimate of theoretical sampling error can be calculated. For complete survey methodology, including weighting variables and subgroup sample sizes, contact [email protected].

NerdWallet’s analysis includes data from the following sources:

Expand for footnotes

Footnotes

[1] Revolving credit card debt is calculated differently from other types of household debt. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York uses credit reporting from Equifax as the source of its credit card debt data and includes revolving balances (debt carried from month to month) and transacting balances (debt that will be paid off at the next statement). We estimated the amount of revolving debt by using data from the credit bureau Experian to determine balances that were revolved and transacted on bank credit cards. Data about revolving balances on retail credit cards weren’t available; therefore, we assumed that cardholders revolved debt on retail credit cards and bank credit cards at the same rate. Then, we multiplied the total outstanding credit card balances in the U.S. — $944 billion — by the percentage of revolving debt. Finally, we divided this amount by the number of households carrying revolving credit card debt. We estimated the number of households by multiplying the total number of U.S. households (based on 2018 U.S. Census Bureau data), by the percentage of households holding that debt (using 2018 estimates based on 2016 data from the Federal Reserve’s Survey of Consumer Finances).

[2]The survey of 2,008 U.S. adults ages 18 and older was conducted online by The Harris Poll on behalf of NerdWallet on Sept. 25-27, 2018. This online survey isn’t based on a probability sample and therefore no estimate of theoretical sampling error can be calculated. For complete survey methodology, including weighting variables and subgroup sample sizes, contact [email protected].

[3] We took the average amount of household debt reported by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, including transacting and revolving credit card balances, and divided it by the number of households with that debt. We estimated the number of households by multiplying the total number of U.S. households, using 2018 U.S. Census data, by the percentage of households holding that debt, based on data from the Survey of Consumer Finances.

[4] This $944 billion total is a NerdWallet-adjusted version of data from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York’s “Household Debt and Credit Report.” According to the New York Fed, the nation’s households had outstanding credit card balances of $844 billion as of September 2018, which includes debt on bank credit cards but not retail, or store, credit cards. To make this number more representative of all credit card debt, we took the $844 billion and added it to 25% of reported “other” debt; the Federal Reserve Bank of New York says about a quarter of so-called other debt is outstanding retail credit card debt.

[5] We estimated the percentage of households carrying credit card debt (47.9%) using projections based on historical data from the Survey of Consumer Finances. Carrying credit card debt, in this case, refers to households that didn’t pay one or more credit cards in full in the last billing cycle.

[6] Consumer price indexes measure changes in price for a set of consumer goods and services.

The price indexes we surveyed include apparel, education and communication, food and beverage, food at home, food away from home, housing, medical, other goods and services, recreation and transportation. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the medical price index grew from 366.53 to 485.89 from October 2008 to October 2018, and food away from home increased from 219.29 to 277.513. To compare the increase in the price index categories with income growth since 2008, we projected a 2018 median household income based on the rate of growth over the past 10 years. Based on Census data, there was a median household income of $50,303 in 2008; our projections show a median income of $61,450 in 2018.

[7] See Federal Student Loan Portfolio in Federal Student Aid, September 2018. The portfolio includes direct loans, Perkins loans and all loans within the Federal Family Education Loan program, including Department of Education-held FFEL loans, commercially held FFEL loans and FFEL loans assigned to guarantee agencies.

[8] To estimate how much student loan borrowers would owe with a loan in forbearance for an extended period of time, we used data from the U.S. Department of Education’s Federal Student Loan Portfolio. We divided the outstanding balance in forbearance for federally managed student loans ($113.2 billion) — which includes the principal and interest balances of direct loans and FFEL loans held by the Department of Education — by the number of borrowers with federally managed loans in forbearance (2.6 million) to calculate the average student loan balance in forbearance.

[9] See Colleen Campbell, What Do We Know About Student Loans? Less Than You Think, Center for American Progress (Aug. 16, 2018)

[10] We used this interest rate because it’s the fixed interest rate for direct subsidized loans and direct unsubsidized loans for undergraduates first disbursed on or after July 1, 2018, and before July 1, 2019.

[11] Using the average student loan balance in forbearance, we estimated interest charges based on an APR of 5.05%. In forbearance, the interest that accrues doesn’t capitalize — that is, it’s not added to the balance — during the forbearance period, but it may capitalize afterward, depending on the loan. Borrowers also have the option of paying the interest as it accrues so it doesn’t capitalize.

[12] First, we calculated the number an individual student loan recipient would owe in this situation ($2,198.69). Then, we multiplied that by the number of student loan recipients with federally managed student loans in forbearance (2.6 million). This cost is based on a hypothetical situation.

[13] See Navient Use of Forbearance: Site Visit Review, U.S. Department of Education (May 18, 2017)

[14] See Fact Sheet on Legal Action, Navient (June 29, 2018)

[15] To estimate credit card interest over the course of a year, we used our estimate of revolving credit card debt and data of the average interest rate on credit card accounts assessed interest from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.

To estimate the debt over the course of a year, assuming a constant balance, we multiplied the average revolving credit card debt among households with credit card debt by the average APR. This is just an estimate — for simplicity, our estimate doesn’t account for daily compounding or fluctuating balances. Daily compounding would increase the result slightly. The fluctuating balance might increase or decrease the result, depending on the method by which the issuer is calculating credit card interest.

[16] To calculate this, we used demographic data about credit card debt from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances, and scaled it up to our 2018 estimates for revolving credit card debt. Assuming an interest rate of 16.46%, we estimate that households with two adults and children would owe $1,356 in credit card interest, on average.