How Is the Economy Doing Right Now?
The U.S. economy is growing again after a Q1 decline in GDP.
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Updated on Aug. 22.
Fed Chair Powell hints at possible incoming rate cut
Federal Reserve Chair Jerome Powell, in a closely watched speech at the Kansas City Fed’s annual conference in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, signaled — gently — that there could be a potential rate cut ahead. NerdWallet's senior Economist Elizabeth Renter weighs in. Read more.
What NerdWallet's economist is watching this week
Here’s what NerdWallet’s senior economist Elizabeth Renter will be watching for in economic news and data during the week of Aug. 25.
A real drawback of judging the health of the economy at large is that it’s easy to miss the trees. Whether you’re talking about the unemployment rate, the impact of immigration policy on labor supply or economic productivity, you’re generally discussing big aggregates that drive the economy. Those aggregates are imperative, but they often conceal the individual circumstances — the trees, in deference to the forest.
A challenge of talking about the economy is doing so in a way that is broadly accurate — gauging the health and direction of the economy based on aggregates, for example — without seeming to pooh-pooh individual experiences. A 4.2% unemployment rate is not alarming; it signals a labor market in relative balance. But it’s also representative of more than 7 million people who want work but can’t find it. This doesn’t mean 4.2% is actually bad or somehow invalid, but that there is nuance begging for acknowledgement.
Particularly for economists who talk to the media, explicitly acknowledging the trees is vital. When discretionary spending is robust, on average, it’s important to acknowledge those who are struggling with their monthly expenses. When the unemployment rate is low, recognize some people are struggling to find work. The integrity of economic data is a current hot-button issue, and the reputation of statistical agencies is under threat. Experts with a platform can help by touching on what the data doesn’t say (the condition of the trees) when talking about what it does (the forest).
Upcoming data releases:
Tues., Aug. 26: Consumer Confidence, Conference Board - Confidence has leveled off the past several months, since dropping precipitously in April. Job availability is one exception here, and I anticipate people were still feeling pretty glum about their prospects in August.
Thurs., Aug. 28: GDP, BEA - The first revisions to Q2 economic production data is likely to still show modest growth, as it is accounting for lower imports after the late-Q1 surge to get ahead of tariffs.
Fri., Aug. 29:
Personal Income and Outlays, BEA - In addition to including the Fed’s preferred inflation measure (PCE index), I’ll also be tuned into this release to see how consumer spending may have changed over the month. Higher prices and economic uncertainty is expected to drive a slowing here, though the timeline is unclear.
Consumer Sentiment, U Mich. - This is the final read of consumer confidence for the month, where we’re likely to get confirmation that sentiment fell in August. Both overall sentiment and expectations are down significantly when compared with last year.
Publishing next week from the NerdWallet studies team:
Regret-proof your home purchase - A recent NerdWallet survey reveals a surprising share of U.S. homeowners regret their purchase. This article reveals the data and how buyers can prevent a similar fate. Contact [email protected] if you’d like to receive this report at publication.
ICYMI:
Survey: How Gen Z is Planning (or Not) For Retirement: Fewer than 1 in 5 Gen Zers (18%) say they’ve contributed to a retirement account in 2025, according to this write-up from our team. Get the data and some advice on catching up.
Survey: Many Americans are Stressed About Money, 6 Ways to Cope: About half of Americans (51%) regularly stress about money. This article shares the data and some coping mechanisms.
The state of the U.S. economy is strong despite inflation remaining elevated. The economy is expanding again after a dip in Q1, the labor market is stable and inflation is below its peak. The Federal Reserve looks at several economic indicators — along with the stock market — to form a better picture of the economy and make decisions on interest rates.
Is the U.S. in a recession?
The United States is not currently in a recession, but the impacts of new tariffs and a looming trade war have unsettled financial markets and raised fears of an economic downturn. Even President Donald Trump has said a recession is possible. For ongoing updates on recession news, see: Are we in a recession?
Is the U.S. economy growing?
Q2 2025 Real GDP: +3.0%
The U.S. economy has shown steady growth since it dropped to unprecedented levels during the second quarter of 2020 due to the pandemic — and then rebounded almost as quickly. A year later, in the second quarter of 2021, the rate of annual growth hit a high not seen since the 1950s.
But in the first quarter of 2025, growth declined for the first time in nearly three years, primarily due to an increase in imports — a result of businesses stocking up on goods before tariffs began. The economy moved back into positive territory in the second quarter, according to an advance estimate released on July 30, attributed to a drop in imports and an increase in consumer spending.
» MORE:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is the market value — in current dollars — of all goods and services produced within the United States in a given period. The data that shows GDP adjusted for inflation is called Real GDP. All GDP changes are expressed on an annualized basis and reports are released quarterly by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.
Why it matters: GDP is a barometer for the health of the country. When it’s growing, that’s a good sign: consumers are spending, businesses are producing and jobs are being created. But when the GDP shrinks, or contracts, it signals that the economy may be slowing. If it contracts for two quarters, that can be considered a recession.
» MORE: GDP Report
What is the U.S. unemployment rate?
July unemployment rate: 4.2%
The U.S. unemployment rate is the share of unemployed people as a percentage of the overall labor force. Unemployed people are those who are actively seeking work. The labor force doesn’t include the entire population; it’s just the number of people who are employed plus those who are unemployed but looking for jobs.
The unemployment rate has topped 4% since May 2024.
Why it matters: Unemployment shows how the labor market is doing. When it’s low, people are finding work and feeling confident about job-hopping. When the rate is elevated, it shows the economy could be struggling, with fewer positions available for jobseekers.
How fast are wages growing?
June wage growth rate: 4.2%
Wage growth is moderating from what it was at this time in 2024 and is much lower than its peak in 2022. Still, the most recent data from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta shows that annual growth is pacing much faster than it did in 2020.
Why it matters: Wage growth shows how workers are doing. If wages are rising, it means the job market is strong and employers are competing for workers. But when inflation rises faster than wages, then raises won’t stretch as far and consumers lose purchasing power.
Below is the three-month moving average of median hourly wages over the last decade.
Is inflation going down?
Inflation measures the rate of price increases, on an annual basis. The Federal Reserve is targeting a 2% inflation rate.
Why it matters: The Federal Reserve targets a 2% inflation rate. Inflation reports like the consumer price index (CPI) and personal consumption expenditure (PCE) index show how fast prices are rising. When inflation rates spike and wages don’t increase as strongly, it means it could be harder for households to stay afloat.
Consumer price index (CPI)
July CPI index: 2.7%
July core CPI index: 3.1%
The current inflation rate is typically a reflection of the consumer price index (CPI), which is released monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The CPI measures changes in prices that consumers pay for goods and services including food, gas and rent. The core measure of the consumer price index excludes two volatile factors: food and energy.
Personal consumption expenditure (PCE) index
June PCE inflation rate: 2.6%
June core PCE rate: 2.8%
The Federal Reserve’s preferred measure of inflation is the core personal consumption expenditure (core PCE) index, which is released monthly by the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The PCE follows the goods and services consumers buy and the price they pay for them. It also tracks changes in spending habits as prices fluctuate.
» MORE: What is the PCE?
What’s happening with gas prices?
Oil prices have dropped to their lowest levels since 2021. That’s unusual since oil prices usually spike during spring and stay elevated during the summer. And yet, drivers are paying less right now than they were a year ago. There are two big reasons for the price dip: tariffs lowering demand and global output increasing.
Why it matters: High gas prices mean consumers have less money available for other spending, which can slow the economy. Higher fuel prices also increase costs for businesses that rely on shipping, which can pass higher costs to consumers and fuel inflation.
» MORE: Gas prices in the U.S.
Here’s a snapshot of average U.S. gas prices right now.
What’s going on with tariffs?
Since February, Trump has announced sweeping tariffs affecting virtually all U.S. trade partners. For details, see:
How much is the U.S. dollar worth now?
The dollar index measures how the dollar compares to other currencies. The U.S. dollar is usually considered a safe haven, especially during times of market volatility and economic uncertainty. But in 2025, the value of the dollar is falling as investors sell off U.S. assets, largely due to uncertainty tied to Trump’s protectionist policies and broad sweeping tariffs.
Why it matters: The strength of the U.S. dollar shows its global demand. A strong dollar makes imported goods and services cheaper for U.S. consumers and businesses. It also eases inflationary pressure in the U.S. But a strong dollar could reduce demand for imports from U.S. businesses, which could slow growth.
What is the current U.S. trade deficit?
U.S. trade deficit in June: $60.2 billion, compared to $71.7 billion in May.
The U.S. has run a trade deficit for decades. BEA data shows in 2024 the goods and services deficit was $918.4 billion, compared to $784.9 billion in 2023.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA).
» MORE: What is the U.S. trade deficit?
How much does the U.S. import and export?
Imports are goods that one country purchases from another country, while exports are goods that one country sells to another country. The latest U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) data shows:
Exports in June 2025: $277.3 billion — a decrease of $1.3 billion compared to May.
Imports in June 2025: $337.5 billion — a decrease of $12.8 billion compared to May.
Rent inflation
Rent costs are a significant factor driving inflation. That’s because rent is included within the shelter price index and shelter comprises the biggest segment of the CPI. The rent portion of the CPI has outpaced overall inflation for decades.
However, there’s a lag in how rent data is reflected in the CPI, which means rental shifts — up or down — won’t immediately be reflected in the report. The lag is due to the cycle of lease renewals. Companies that track rental prices, like the housing website Zillow, show that rent increases have slowed down for nearly a year, but that slowdown has yet to show up in the CPI report.
Why it matters: When rent rises faster than wage growth, it increases living costs, which means households have less money available for other expenses. High prices also shrink the affordable options available in the rental market.
» MORE: Rental market trends in the U.S.
When will interest rates go down?
Federal funds rate: 4.25% to 4.50%
The federal funds rate, also known as the Fed rate, is the interest rate that U.S. banks pay each other to borrow or loan money overnight.
The fed rate is set by the Federal Open Markets Committee (FOMC), which is the monetary policymaking arm of the nation’s central bank known as the Federal Reserve. At the FOMC’s eight scheduled meetings each year, it takes action on the federal funds rate. That means it will hike, hold or lower rates, depending on economic conditions.
After a year of paused interest rates, the Fed made rate cuts at its September, November and December meetings. The FOMC has held rates steady at each of its 2025 meetings to date.
Why it matters: The federal funds rate affects interest rates on consumer lending products like credit cards and mortgages. When the rate rises, borrowing becomes more expensive. That can lead to tighter lending standards, which means consumers and businesses tend to borrow less.
» MORE: What is the federal funds rate?
Consumer confidence in the economy
Consumer confidence — or sentiment — is an index that reflects people’s perceptions about the economy in the short-term and the outlook for the future. There are two main consumer sentiment indexes: the University of Michigan’s Index of Consumer Sentiment and The Conference Board’s Consumer Confidence Index.
Why it matters: Consumer sentiment shows how people feel about the economy and economists consider it a useful tool in predicting economic changes. How people feel about the economy can shape their behavior: If consumers are feeling optimistic, they’re more likely to spend money. But if their feelings are negative, they may pull back spending, which can slow economic growth.
The University of Michigan’s Index of Consumer Sentiment
The first reading for August from the University of Michigan released on Aug. 15 shows:
The Index of Consumer Sentiment registered at 58.6 for August, down from 61.7 for July.
Current Economic Conditions registered at 60.9 for August, down from 68 for July.
The Index of Consumer Expectations registered at 57.2 for August, compared to 57.7 for July.
The Conference Board’s Consumer Confidence Index: The survey’s latest results, released on July 29, showed the index rose modestly (97.2) compared to June (95.2).
More readings:
The Present Situation Index registered at 131.5, compared to 133 in June.
The Expectations Index increased to 74.4 in July from 69.9 in June.
How’s the stock market doing?
The health of the stock market is represented by major stock market indexes like the Dow Jones Industrial Average, S&P 500 or the NASDAQ 100. These indexes include broad sections of the stock market, but aren’t entirely exhaustive. That means the performance of these indexes represents the fluctuations in the entire market. So when the stock market goes up that means stock market indexes have gained value and vice versa.
Why it matters: The stock market reflects investor confidence in the economy. When stock prices rise, it means investors are feeling optimistic. When prices fall, it signals investors are uncertain or concerned about the economy. These stock fluctuations affect investments, retirement accounts, consumer confidence and business decisions.
» MORE: S&P 500 Index (SPX)
Data may be delayed and is for informational purposes only.
Latest mortgage interest rates
Mortgage rates change daily according to what’s happening in the economy.
NerdWallet’s daily mortgage rates below are calculated as an average of the annual percentage rate (APR) with the lowest points from a selection of major national mortgage lenders. The APR is based on the interest rate and indicates all of the costs of getting a loan including mortgage origination fees and discount points.
Why it matters: Mortgage rates affect housing affordability. When rates go up, so do monthly payments for buyers, which could make it harder to afford homes. For current homeowners, high rates may discourage them from selling, which can tighten the housing market and drive up home prices.
» MORE: Current mortgage interest rates
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